Bacteria of a Feather…

Common Hoopoe (Upapa epops) in Hodal, India. Source.

by Elio

Just when we thought we'd heard it all, along came a study on the bacterial degradation of bird feathers. We admit we hadn't previously spent much time contemplating the possibility that feathers would be susceptible to bacterial degradation, just like any other keratin-containing structure. But to a bird, this is a matter of vital importance.

Several bacteria, chiefly Bacillus licheniformis, live in the barbules, the terminal branches of the barbs of a feather. Feathers are 90% keratin; B. licheniformis secretes a keratinase. In the laboratory, B. licheniformis can completely degrade a feather in 24 hours, and this demolition occurs in vivo (or “in avis”), as well. But birds have powerful defenses against such pterophagia (“feather eating” from the Greek pteron, "wing," and phagein, "to eat"), including chemicals in the preening secretion they use for feather grooming. The bird does not face this confrontation alone. Bacteria such as enterococci that reside in its preening gland (known as the uropygial gland) produce anti-licheniformis bacteriocins. That these enterococci are present only in nestlings and females (and in the latter only during the breeding season) suggests that the interaction matters mainly while the birds are confined to the nest—a hole in a tree—because, perhaps, of the greater likelihood of infection then.

SEM microphotographs showing degradation of feather barbules by B.
licheniformis. Left, undegraded. Right, after degradation. Source.

All this was fine and dandy, but it needed further experimental verification. The authors of a recent paper studied the situation in a beautiful bird called the hoopoe, which is found in regions of Africa, Europe, and Asia. Feathers were plucked from one male and two females captured in Southern Spain. In experiments where the feathers were treated with B. licheniformis, with or without Enterococcus faecalis or its bacteriocin, they could confirm the previous view of the role of these organisms in promoting or decreasing feather degradation. Besides the obvious importance to the birds, this story also offers a possible ecological role for bacteriocins—an intriguing subject that invites further exploration.

Bird feathers and their bacteria are not new to this blog. Click here for our earlier post.

Comments

[Heather Simpson]

I am interested in knowing if this phenomenon can occur in all feathers. My daughter and I have collected for years and have resently noticed many of the feathers we have collected being eaten completely down to the quill. I have never seen any insect in or near the area we keep them, so I am wondering if that could be the issue we are seeing. If so should we get rid of the feathers we have left. This would be quite difficult do to the fact that we have been collecting for over 10 years and have so wonderful specimens from a large variety of species.

Elio replies:If there is no moisture around, it's unlikely to be due to bacteria. I'd still look for insects. Put what you have left in a moisture-proof plastic bag, if you haven't already, and place it in the freezer, then thaw and repeat this three times. This works for botanical musuem specimens.

[sarita]

this is very intresting i want to know, whether this phenomenon studied here is same for chicken feathers or not? is this phenomenon studied on some other species.

[Laurella Desborough]

I am curious as to why the feathers from the Hoopoe were chosen? Was it that this species was handy? Or was there some other reason?

This is fascinating information. I am not a microbiologist. I am a bird breeder...but I did spend years working in a microbiology lab during my university years at Southern Illinois University.

Elio replies:

I have no idea why the hoopoe was chosen. The authors don't say. But it's a fairly common bird, so why not? would make the wild guess that the phenomenon studied here holds for other species of birds but don't really know.

[calcium]

Hello
Its very interesting for me to read about bacteria of feathers.I only know about feathers that Frankly speaking that they are 90% keratin.I came to know first time about that bird "hoopoe".Thank you very much for providing such information.